Bulging in incremental sheet forming of cold bonded multi-layered Cu clad sheet: Influence of forming conditions and bending

Bulge is a defect that causes geometrical inaccuracy and premature failure in the innovative incremental sheet forming (ISF) process. This study has two-fold objectives: (1) knowing the bulging behavior of a Cu clad tri-layered steel sheet as a function of forming conditions, and (2) analyzing the bending effect on bulging in an attempt to identify the associated mechanism. A series of ISF tests and bending analysis are performed to realize these objectives. From the cause-effect analysis, it is found that bulge formation in the layered sheet is sensitive to forming conditions in a way that bulging can be minimized utilizing annealed material and performing ISF with larger tool diameter and step size. The bending under tension analysis reveals that the formation of bulge is an outgrowth of bending moment that the forming tool applies on the sheet during ISF. Furthermore, the magnitude of bending moment depending upon the forming conditions varies from 0.046 to 10.24 N·m/m and causes a corresponding change in the mean bulge height from 0.07 to 0.91 mm. The bending moment governs bulging in layered sheet through a linear law. These findings lead to a conclusion that the bulge defect can be overcome by controlling the bending moment and the formula proposed can be helpful in this regards.     

An enhancement algorithm based on adaptive updating template with Gaussian model for Si3N4 ceramic bearing roller surface defects detection

The method based on machine vision image processing is used to detect the surface defects of Si₃N₄ bearing roller. Owing to the variety of defects, small area and low contrast, it is easy to miss or error detection. In this paper, an adaptive update template defect enhancement algorithm based on Gaussian model is proposed. First, a large number of surface images of Si₃N₄ bearing roller are collected to obtain the non-defect background statistical feature, and the background characteristic curve is fitted by Gaussian model. Further, the initial background template is gained according to the Gaussian curve. Then, combined with the gray distribute of defect images and initial background template, unique adaptive update template can be established. Finally, subtraction operation and nonlinear enhancement are used to improve the comparison of defect information and background. Through inverse sorting, adaptive threshold segmentation and Canny operation, the precise positioning of defects is realized. The enhancement algorithm can effectively enhance the contrast and eliminate the influence of noise. The average detection time is 0.84s, and the detection accuracy is 96.2%.     

Solving the balance problem of massively multiplayer online role-playing games using coevolutionary programming

In massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), each race holds some attributes and skills. Each skill contains several abilities such as physical damage and hit rate. All those attributes and abilities are functions of the character's level, which are called Ability-Increasing Functions (AIFs). A well-balanced MMORPG is characterized by having a set of well-balanced AIFs. In this paper, we propose a coevolutionary design method, including integration with the modified probabilistic incremental program evolution (PIPE) and the cooperative coevolutionary algorithm (CCEA), to solve the balance problem of MMORPGs. Moreover, we construct a simplest turn-based game model and perform a series of experiments based on it. The results indicate that the proposed method is able to obtain a set of well-balanced AIFs more efficiently, compared with the simple genetic algorithm (SGA), the simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) and the hybrid discrete particle swarm optimization (HDPSO) algorithm. The results also show that the performance of PIPE has been significantly improved through the modification works.     

平均值法在加热炉支路平衡控制上的实现

针对加热炉支路出口温度的平衡控制,提出了一种控制方法——平均值法,它采用增量式PID加输出修正的方式,既确保了出口温度平衡,又保证了平衡调节过程中总管流量不变。同时分析了总管流量增减过程中对温度平衡带来的干扰,并提出了一种控制算法。最后在DCS上的应用结果表明:平局值法能有效地在加热炉出口上实现温度平衡控制。     

主余震序列作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构损伤分析

一次强震过后通常伴有多次余震发生。由于主震和其后续余震之间的间隔时间较短,使得主震损伤结构未能得到及时修复而进一步遭受余震作用,产生“二次损伤”。为此,以一栋5层按我国相关设计规范设计的钢筋混凝土框架结构为研究对象,对主余震序列对结构造成累积损伤及余震对结构造成的增量损伤进行了研究。选取75条真实主震及其余震记录构成序列型地震动输入。同时,采用真实主余震序列中的主震记录,分别采用重复法和随机法两种人工余震构造方法,构造两组人工主余震序列作为地震输入。采用改进的Park-Ang损伤指数作为结构损伤指标,对结构在主震及其在真实和人工主余震序列作用的损伤进行计算,并对余震产生的结构增量损伤进行评估。进一步以峰值加速度、谱加速度、Arias强度作为主震和余震强度参数,研究了余震与主震强度比与余震增量损伤之间的相互关系。分析结果表明：基于随机法的人工主余震序列会对结构造成最显著的增量损伤;采用余震和主震强度比可以较好地预测余震增量损伤的显著性。     

逐级加载下浅埋软岩隧道动力破坏振动台试验

浅埋隧道围岩的质量普遍较低,整体稳定性差,隧道震害表明强震作用下浅埋隧道极易发生震动破坏。通过开展V级围岩条件下浅埋隧道在小震下的震动响应和逐级加载下的震动垮塌振动台试验,研究了小震作用下围岩加速度沿地层的分布、衬砌结构的内力变化和围岩内部的水平位移变化规律,强震作用下衬砌结构裂缝开展和围岩震动垮塌。结果表明:围岩加速度随距地表距离的减小而增加,地表加速度约为拱顶处加速度的1.63倍,相同高度平面内靠近隧道的围岩振动具有一定的加强;隧道拱顶围岩内部的水平位移大约是拱腰围岩内部的1.23倍,围岩内部位移随着远离隧道而逐渐减小,随着震动烈度的增加而不断增加;隧道拱顶上方垮塌区形状近似漏斗,震动引起隧道衬砌结构拱脚处的轴力和弯矩变化最大,且拱肩和拱脚处裂缝分布最多,应加强拱肩和拱脚处结构的抗震性能。     

单点渐进成形工艺参数对激光拼焊板圆锥台件回弹影响研究

激光拼焊板单点渐进成形回弹是影响成形精度的重要因素。使用回弹角来度量板料回弹大小,并使用正交试验设计对工具头直径、成形高度、下压量、半顶角等因素进行实验研究,得到各因素对回弹的影响程度。得出影响板料回弹因素的大小依次为:成形高度、下压量、半顶角和工具头直径;工具头直径变化对回弹影响不大;成形高度对回弹影响显著,成形高度越高,回弹量越小;在一定范围内,回弹角的大小取决于下压量的大小,下压量越大回弹角越小;过大或过小的半顶角都会导致显著的回弹现象,合适的半顶角设计能够有效减少回弹的出现,从而保证成形精度。最后通过实验验证了正交试验得出的最优工艺参数。     

方管圆管混合空间钢管节点承载性能的非线性分析

以圆管为弦管,方管(包括矩形管)为支管的混合空间钢管节点,构造新颖,受力复杂,其承载力设计和计算是工程师所关注和急需解决的问题。本文采用非线性有限元方法,选用四节点等参壳元,应用自动步长增量法求解方管圆管混合空间管节点轴向受力或平面外受弯的极限承载力。程序系统在移植ADINA程序的基础上,开发了可进行T型、X型、K型和TT型管节点有限元网格剖分的前处理程序CTUBE,并编写了AutoCADADS/RX应用程序显示管节点模型受荷后的变形和应力分布。本文通过大量算例分析,回归出相关承载力计算公式,供设计人员参考。